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The discovery and synthesis of further new elements is an ongoing area of scientific study. Save for unstable radioactive elements ( radionuclides) which decay quickly, nearly all of the elements are available industrially in varying amounts. The first 94 occur naturally on Earth, and the remaining 24 are synthetic elements produced in nuclear reactions. The periodic table summarizes various properties of the elements, allowing chemists to derive relationships between them and to make predictions about compounds and potential new ones.īy November 2016, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry had recognized a total of 118 elements. This table organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows (" periods") in which the columns (" groups") share recurring ("periodic") physical and chemical properties. Much of the modern understanding of elements developed from the work of Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist who published the first recognizable periodic table in 1869. Attempts to classify materials such as these resulted in the concepts of classical elements, alchemy, and various similar theories throughout human history. The history of the discovery and use of the elements began with primitive human societies that discovered native minerals like carbon, sulfur, copper and gold (though the concept of a chemical element was not yet understood). Air is primarily a mixture of the elements nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, though it does contain compounds including carbon dioxide and water. Nearly all other naturally occurring elements occur in the Earth as compounds or mixtures. Only a minority of elements, such as silver and gold, are found uncombined as relatively pure native element minerals. When different elements undergo chemical reactions, atoms are rearranged into new compounds held together by chemical bonds. This is in contrast to chemical compounds and mixtures, which contain atoms with more than one atomic number.Īlmost all of the baryonic matter of the universe is composed of chemical elements (among rare exceptions are neutron stars). For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8, meaning that each oxygen atom has 8 protons in its nucleus. The basic particle that constitutes a chemical element is the atom, and each chemical element is distinguished by the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms, known as its atomic number. A chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances.
They allow users to do things like installing a Windows XP system on top of a Ubuntu host operating system. Both offer users feature-rich platforms for creating a virtualized environment. Hopefully, now you have enough information to choose either VMware or VirtualBox. In general, type 1 hypervisors are better for large production environments while type 2 hypervisors are more suited to users who wish to run a virtual machine on their personal computers.
Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. She was a primary author on the practitioner’s version of this report titled, Ready, Set, Science! Putting Research to Work in K-8 Science Classrooms (2008) which won a 2008 distinguished achievement award from the Association of Educational Publishers for resources in professional development.Īdvisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine She served as study director for a congressionally mandated review of NASA’s pre-college education programs and codirected the study that produced the 2007 report Taking Science to School: Learning and Teaching Science in Grades K-8. She has been involved in all of the major projects of the board since it was formed in 2004 and has presented widely on the board’s work. Schweingruber is the deputy director of the Board on Science Education at the National Research Council. She graduated cum laude from Bryn Mawr College with an A.B. She is a member of the National Association of Science Writers and the National Association of Professional Women and has participated in conferences sponsored by the National Science Teachers Association and Washington Independent Writers. Fenichel’s most ambitious projects was writing Science for All Children, a book on science education reform for the National Science Resources Center. She also has expertise in developing educational products, including lesson plans, activity sheets, facilitators’ guides, and teachers’ guides. She has written newsletters, film scripts, position papers, website content, annual reports, and catalog copy. She has worked with corporations and nonprofits, textbook companies and multimedia venues, including Annenberg Media and Discovery Communications. Lippincott, the National Geographic Society, and the National Science Resources Center, an agency associated with the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academies, both in Washington, DC. Marilyn Fenichel is a science and education writer and editor and principal of Cassell & Fenichel Communications, LLC ( ). Mac, iPhone and iPad are trademarks of Apple Inc. Google Chrome is a trademark of Google, Inc. Firefox is a trademark of Mozilla Foundation. Symantec, the Symantec Logo, the Checkmark Logo, Norton, and Norton by Symantec are trademarks or registered trademarks of Symantec Corporation or its affiliates in the United States and other countries. See /guarantee for details including qualifying Norton subscriptions. The refund does not apply to any damages incurred as a result of viruses. 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Norton Security covers PCs, Macs, Androids, iPads and iPhones. Then, in late 1994, Hasbro began holding brainstorming sessions with its creative team. The toys - once the most innovative in the toy aisle - had become stale. The original cartoon concluded in 1987, and while Japanese spinoffs had followed, the franchise was all but defunct in America. In the mid-1990s, the Transformers toy line had long since run its course. Twenty-five years later, with Optimal Prime and the Maximals finally making their big-screen debut in June 2022, Hasbro and Paramount Studios are hoping that lightning can strike twice.īut before that can happen, here’s the story of how the brilliant Beast Wars redefined a franchise. Thanks to an unlikely creative duo and a bunch of voice actors who’d never watched a single episode of Transformers, Beast Wars defied all odds and breathed new life into the aging franchise. Quite the legacy for a scrappy cartoon from Canada, which, like all Transformers shows, began as a simple ploy to sell some action figures. Overall, Beast Wars ran for 52 episodes, had hundreds of toys, and created a loyal fanbase that exists to this day. Still, before long, Beast Wars was embraced for its dynamic writing and vivid characters.Īt the conclusion of its initial 26-episode run, Beast Wars earned an Emmy for its groundbreaking animation and had been so popular that a second and third season soon followed. With a new style of animation and the use of animal transformations as opposed to vehicles, Transformers fans initially met the show with skepticism. Premiering in late September 1996, the series was the first American venture for the Transformers franchise since the original cartoon concluded almost a decade earlier. With that, the computer-generated animated series Beast Wars: Transformers had begun. He developed a passion for aviation in 1909, and bought a French-made biplane and learned to fly. Houdini gave up movies and returned to live performances for good.ĥ. Houdini went on to star in two more serials, but neither were nearly as successful, critically or commercially. The serial was a smash hit (and in an interesting side note, it was the first film to feature a robot). In the 1919’s serial, The Master Mystery, he played an undercover agent who uses his escape skills to thwart criminals. Houdini had a brief career as a silent film star in the late teens and early 1920s. He offered a $10,000 reward to anyone who could present “physical phenomena” that could not be explained rationally-a reward he was never forced to pay. In the 1920s, he became a professional skeptic and debunker of psychics, mind readers, mediums and others who claimed to be in contact with the deceased. He debunked psychics and the supernaturalĭistraught over his mother’s death, Houdini tried to contact her via séances, however he quickly discovered that the mediums conducting the séances were frauds. After achieving world-wide fame, he put magic in his act, but contemporary descriptions confirm that he was lackluster as a magician.ģ. He achieved fame by becoming an escape artist, “The King of Handcuffs”. He challenged audiences to tie him up or lock him in handcuffs, or nail him into boxes. Ironically, years later Houdini turned on his idol, and wrote a (mostly inaccurate) book called The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin, accusing him of being an imposter.Īlthough he started his career as a magician, he struggled, and was on the verge of quitting when producer Martin Beck encouraged him to make escapes the focus of his act. Young Erik named himself after his hero by adding an “i” to the name “Houdin” to create the stage name “Houdini” (there is debate about where “Harry” came from). As a teenager, he read the memoirs of French conjurer Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin (often called “The Father of Modern Magic”). Originally from Budapest, Hungary, Houdini’s real name was Erik Weisz. It is a book for would-be conjurers, for professional necromancers, for those curious about the methods and means of one of the most enchanting men of our century.As one of the most well-known names in magic for his escape tricks, there is still much about Houdini’s life that some people may not know! Here are 6 things that you probably didn’t know about Harry Houdini.ġ. This is a technical manual for magicians, complete with illustrations and diagrams, but it is also an astute analysis of the best of Houdini's magic and a readable biography of a man who turned himself into a legend. While doing so, he distinguished himself as a patriot, writer, collector of magic, aviator, movie idol, philanthropist, and crusader against fraudulent spiritualistic practices. He was a public hero who, in his own way, helped sweep out the cobwebs of nineteenth-century thinking. His impact on the world in the early years of the twentieth century was enormous. Once more, Houdini and his wife Bessie mysteriously exchange places in a locked trunk-in three seconds!Īnd Houdini the man is not ignored. Again, in this book, Houdini walks through a brick wall, vanishes a 10,000-pound elephant and is buried alive. Included are the famous escapes: escapes from a padlocked milk can filled with water from locked jail cells from a water-filled Chinese torture cell while suspended upside down from packing cases weighted under water. The spectacular highlights of Houdini's career are described-and explained-here. It is with the aid of Houdini's own scrapbooks and notes that this book was written. Walter Gibson, co-author, was in close touch with Harry Houdini for a number of years before his death and worked with the master magician in preparing material for the book. Incredible escapes, fantastic sleight-of-hand-Houdini's most challenging performances are dramatically portrayed in Houdini's Fabulous Magic. Four pieces of the Penn & Teller repertoire were directly inspired by Houdini's Fabulous Magic.” Teller of Penn & Teller ★★★★★ “ I have loved this book for sixty years. It also examines how miners and their families negotiated a 'mixed economy' of welfare, comprising family and community support, the Poor Law, and voluntary self-help as well as employer paternalism. The book then extends the discussion of responses to disability by examining the welfare provisions for miners with long-term restrictive health conditions. It turns its attention to the principal causes of disablement in the nineteenth-century coal industry and the medical responses to them. The book provides the context for those that follow by providing an overview of the conditions of work in British coalmining between 17. It discusses experiences of disability within the context of social relations and the industrial politics of coalfield communities. The book examines the economic and welfare responses to disease, injury and impairment among coal workers. If disability has been largely absent from conventional histories of industrialisation, the Industrial Revolution has assumed great significance in disability studies. This book sheds new light on the human cost of industrialisation by examining the lives and experiences of those disabled in an industry that was vital to Britain's economic growth. The book will appeal to students and academics interested in disability history, disability studies, social and cultural history, and representations of disability in literature. It argues that, far from being excluded entirely from British industry, disability and disabled people were central to its development. The burgeoning coalfields literature used images of disability on a frequent basis and disabled characters were used to represent the human toll of the industry.Ī diverse range of sources are used to examine the economic, social, political and cultural impact of disability in the coal industry, looking beyond formal coal company and union records to include autobiographies, novels and oral testimony. And yet disabled people remained a constant presence in the industry as many disabled miners continued their jobs or took up ‘light work’. During this time, the statutory provision for disabled people changed considerably, most notably with the first programme of state compensation for workplace injury. The book considers the coal industry at a time when it was one of Britain’s most important industries, and follows it through a period of growth up to the First World War, through strikes, depression and wartime, and into an era of decline. This book examines the British coal industry through the lens of disability, using an interdisciplinary approach to examine the lives of disabled miners and their families. However, the experiences of the many disabled people within Britain’s most dangerous industry have gone largely unrecognised by historians. The iconography of the blackface mask facilitated the playing out of tensions and conflicts in a social and institutional order based on inequality and discipline.Ĭoalmining was a notoriously dangerous industry and many of its workers experienced injury and disease. Within English cultural tradition in particular, Jim Crow and Zip Coon, the two classic black stereotypes of early minstrelsy, speak to the enduring division, in imagery and association, between town and country. In imperialist discourse, social identity is focused through national identity, though always from a particular perspective, which is determined by relations of power. Imperialism was 'an extension of nationalism' and of racial superiority. Minstrelsy's depictions of black characteristics undoubtedly became more brutally racist as the century wore on, reaching their most malicious pitch during the heyday of 'high' imperialism. Nigger' minstrelsy developed in Britain in the years after the abolition of slavery in British territories, and during the period of expansion and consolidation of Britain's colonial and imperial power. Unable to leave for reasons the others refuse to explain, they are left with hoping the others can find her. On the other hand, her Sans and Papyrus are beside themselves with worry while stuck in a house of alternates. Who cares about that though when she can't find her Sans and Papyrus?! And why are there so many other versions of them? Just where the heck is she!
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